The 36-year-old was recognised at the ceremony in Paris after helping his country win the World Cup in Qatar last year.
England and Real Madrid midfielder Jude Bellingham won the Kopa Trophy for the world's best player aged under 21.
Messi won his record-extending Ballon d'Or award ahead of Manchester City forward Erling Haaland.
France forward Kylian Mbappe - who became just the second man to score a World Cup final hat-trick in the 4-2 penalty shootout loss to Argentina - finished third.
"It's nice to be here once more to enjoy this moment," Messi said. "To be able to win the World Cup and achieve my dream."